What is formulation, as used in clinical psychology practice, and how does it differ from diagnosis Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The approach is more effective since the mental development of an individual easily manifests in their behavior. Observing inconsistencies in the behaviors of a patient is easier and helps expedite the case formulation process (DeLamater & Myers, 2011). Rosenberg & Turner (1990) explain that during the consultative case formulation processes, the clinicians must understand that the patient may pose threat to them and must therefore exhibit caution while interacting with such characters. Additionally, the clinicians must understand the impact of others on self, personal prejudices and the importance of diversity (Engel, 1977). As discussed earlier, the patients exhibit a degree of difference depending on the nature of their psychological condition and the degree of infection. Using past experience may prove fundamental but thee clinician must desist from making similar decisions without analyzing the diversity presented by a different patient (Crisp & Turner, 2010). The training and experience should help practitioners develop consistent case formulation. The formulations may vary depending on the theory a clinician chooses in a particular case evaluation. This compels their use of particular theories that best befit the state of the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on What is formulation, as used in clinical psychology practice, and how does it differ from diagnosis or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Despite the difference in the theories, case formulation serves to unify patient’s information thereby eliminating any inconsistencies in the details used in the treatment of the patients (Grimm, Pianta & Konold, 2009). This way, case formulation will help improve the relationship between the patients and their doctors thereby facilitating the treatment processes. An effective case formulation should result in effective treatment since such identifies the psychological problems as exhibited in the patient’s behavioral patterns (Grisso & Steinberg, 2005). The two applicable approaches to case formulation include cognitive and cognitive-behavioral approaches both of which have particular relevance in the practice. Just as the name suggests, cognitive approach investigates the ability of a patient to remember occurrences. This makes the process extremely interactive as the doctor engages the patient in discussions with the view of determ ining both inconsistencies and contradictions. Flaherty (2008) explains that the doctor may begin with such simple questions as the name of the patient and the names of his or her family members. The process heightens thereafter as the doctor begins investigating and asking more serious questions that help test the mental alertness of the patents.

The, By Maureen O Connell And What Is Social Imaginary

In a community where enthocentrism is a prominent issue, the realization of its harm is greatly overlooked in many cases. This is very prominent when dealing with the unification of two people practicing the same religion but coming from different cultural backgrounds. An issue recently presented itself when two Muslims wanted to get married but their different cultural backgrounds created an obstacle for them. In Islam, it is decreed that a Muslim may marry another Muslim, regardless of their ethnicity or cultural backgrounds. This specific community, the families of both Muslims are in disagreement with the marriage due to their differences in cultural backgrounds. Using the scared texts Compassion and Politically Dangerous Discipleship by Maureen O’Connell and What is Social Imaginary by Charles Taylor, the community can look at the ideas presented about compassion/desire and common good in relation to social imaginaries that may be upheld within a community. Maureen O†™Connell provides ample information concerning the idea of passion in the sacred text Compassion and Politically Dangerous Discipleship. O’Connell presents us with the philosophy studied by Augustine of Hippo. Augustine essentially emphasized the spirit over the body. In fact, On Christian Doctrine, Augustine argues that the â€Å"counsel of compassion† natures a particular kind of wisdom that enables compassionate people to see God more clearly and love God more fully (O’Connell, 73-74). Through compassion,

Cost Sheet Free Essays

We take this opportunity to thank Prof Jayesh Jain for giving us an insight , his valuable advice , timely suggestions and constant support throughout the project. We would also like to thank Mr. Raj Raut who is into the ice-cream business for the valuable information that he shared with us ,which proved to be very helpful while preparing the project ABSTRACT This project report is prepared to study the cost analysis of Amul ice cream and to formulate the cost sheet to find the per unit cost of a single Amul ice cream cup of 100 gm(fruit and nut). We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Sheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our colleagues uncle also helped us in finding the various cost involved in manufacturing ice cream and we also got information from www. amulicecream. in.OVERVIEW OF ICE-CREAM INDUSTRY History:- The ice cream industry is mainly governed by the prevention of food and adulteration act (PFA)-1954 in India. The ice cream market growth picked up after de-reservation of the sector in 1997. History of Indian ice-cream industry is very old started in un-organized sector and mainly the popular product was kulfi. New technologies and freezers are the main force behind the development. Future is bright for ice-cream industry in India. Production –area:- In rural areas, kulfis / ice creams made by small / cottage industry are popular. The market for organized sector is restricted to large metropolitan cities.In small towns and villages, there are thousands of small players who produce ice- creams / kulfis in their home backyard and cater to the local market. Almost 40% of the ice creams sold in the country are consumed in the western region with Mumbai being the main market, followed by 30% in the north and 20% in the south. Industry Snapshot:- †¢ Market Size – 1200 Crores †¢ Ice Cream market is growing at 26% (yoy) Major players:- 1. Amul – Market Leader with share of 36% 2. HLL – Kwality Walls – 2nd biggest player 3. Mother Diary 4. Arun – Chennai Based Hatsun Agro Product Few Brands/ Target Consumers 1. Youth Centric – Chillz 2. Kids – Moo 3. Teenagers – Cornetto 4. Health Conscious – Amul Sugarfree Pro-Life Future of Ice Cream Market in India:-Ice Cream market will expand with increase in number of malls. Also companies like – HLL has been increasing their ice cream outlets – Swirl. Few years ago consumers use to go out for walk after dinner and use to buy ice creams from hawkers. But now consumer who often visit malls for entertainment prefers to buy ice creams during different times of the day as it is visible upfront and feel like spending Rs. 50 for that tasty chocolate swirl with cake and nuts. As marketers are understanding the different needs of consumers, be it health conscious people- (Amul sugar free and pro-life ice-cream) , kids, youngsters, etc, and are coming up with products specific for them. with portfolio of flavors, consumer today has plethora of options at hand to choose from and therefore high probability of buying one more scoop of ice cream. Also with increasing wallet size and innovative modern retail formats, it has definitely given a Philip to the ice cream industry in India. About the company Amul [pic] Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation:- Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) is India’s largest food products marketing organization. It is a state level apex body of milk cooperatives in Gujarat which aims to provide remunerative returns to the farmers and also serve the interest of consumers by providing quality products which are good value for money. Some statistics about the company:- The Turnover of Amul was Rs. 52. 55 billion in 2007-08. Members: |13 district cooperative milk producers’ Union | | |2. 7 million | |No. of Producer Members: | | |No. of Village Societies: |13,141 | |Total Milk handling capacity: |10. 21 million liters per day | |Milk collection (Total – 2007-08): |2. 69 billion liters | |Milk collection (Daily Average 2007-08): |7. million liters | |Milk Drying Capacity: |626 Mts. per day | |Cattle feed manufacturing Capacity: |3090 Mts per day | AMUL –the brand:- Amul -the age old brand brand belongs to (GCMMF). AMUL means â€Å"priceless† in Sanskrit. The brand name â€Å"Amul,† comes from the Sanskrit word â€Å"Amoolya,† and was suggested by a quality control expert in Anand. Today Amul is a symbol of many things. Of high-quality products sold at reasonable prices. Of the genesis of a vast co-operative network.Of the triumph of indigenous technology. Of the marketing savvy of a farmers’ organization. And of a proven model for dairy development. Various products under the brand name Amul :- Amul products have been in use in millions of homes since 1946. †¢ Amul Butter, †¢ Amul Milk Powder, †¢ Amul Ghee, †¢ Amul Cheese, †¢ Amul Chocolates, †¢ Amul Shrikhand, †¢ Amul Ice creams, †¢ Nutramul, Amul Milk and †¢ Amulya have made Amul a leading food brand in India. Some facts about the Amul ice cream:- †¢ Amul Ice Cream was launched on 10th March, 1996 in Gujarat. †¢ The portfolio consisted of impulse products like sticks, cones, cups as well as take home packs and institutional/catering packs. In 1997, Amul ice creams entered Mumbai followed by Chennai in 1998 and Kolkata and Delhi in 2002. Nationally it was rolled out across the country in 1999. †¢ Has combated competition like Walls, Mother Dairy and achieved the No 1 position in the country. This position was achieved in 2001 and it has continued to remain at the top.†¢ Today the market share of Amul ice cream is 38% share against the 9% market share of HLL, thus making it 4 times larger than its closest competitor. †¢ Amul’s entry into ice creams is regarded as successful due to the large market share it was able to capture within a short period of time – due to price differential, quality of products and of course the brand name. Ice cream range:- Royal Treat Range – (Butterscotch, Rajbhog, Malai Kulfi †¢ Nut-o-Mania Range (Kaju Draksh, Kesar Pista Royale, Fruit Bonanza, Roasted Almond) †¢ Royal Treat Range – (Butterscotch, Rajbhog, Malai Kulfi) †¢ Nut-o-Mania Range – (Kaju Draksh, Kesar Pista Royale, Fruit Bonanza, Roasted Almond) †¢ Nature’s Treat – (Alphanso Mango, Fresh Litchi, Shahi Anjir, Fresh Strawberry, Black Currant, Santra Mantra, Fresh Pineapple) †¢ Sundae Range- (Mango, Black Currant, Sundae Magic, Double Sundae) †¢ Assorted Treat – (Choco bar, Dollies, Frostik, Ice Candies, Tricone, Choco crunch, Megabite, Cassatta) †¢ Utterly Delicious – (Vanilla, Strawberry, Chocolate, Chocochips, Cake Magic) ost sheet analysis Direct Cost : | Direct materials | | | |To manufacture one ice cream cup below are the components or raw materials required with their unit cost : | Dry Fruits – 3 % Milk – 70% Flavours – 5 % Other ingredients – 4 % Sugar – 16 % Cup – 2 % 1) Direct Labour : There are 17 workers employed in the production of the ice cream and each worker is paid Rs 2000 per month . 2) Direct Costs or expenses :The direct cost includes costs incurred in bringing the raw materials into the factory ie. Carriage inward. The raw materials are purchased every month and costs involved for carriage are Rs 1840. Indirect Costs: 1) Factory Overheads: The Factory Overheads includes the indirect labour, factory rent, insurance and depreciation on machinery, power, factory supervisor’s salary ,packing material, ware house expenses and other factory expenses. †¢ Indirect labour : This includes 3 sweepers whose average salaries are Rs. 1000 each. †¢ Insurance: The total insurance amount is Rs 15000. †¢ Break up of the total insurance amount for Machinery – 1200000 Land – 500000(1000 sq. ft. * Rs. 500 per sq. ft. ) †¢ Depreciation on machinery : There are 6 machines in the factory ,one machine is used for making ice creams which is Boiler and other are Refrigerators . The cost of Boiler is Rs 300000 and Refrigerators are worth of Rs. 900000. The depreciation method followed is SLM @ 7%. †¢ Power Fuel: The monthly average cost of power consumption of the factory is Rs 42375. †¢ Supervisor’s salary : The factory has 2 supervisors and salary of each supervisor is Rs 2500. †¢ Cost of maintenance : oiling and cleaning of machinery and other miscellaneous expences for maintainance. 2) Office and administration overheads:-Office and administration overheads include office rent, salary to staff, office and general expenses, printing and stationary, telephone expenses, electricity and lightings †¢ Office rent: The per sq. ft rate of the Office is Rs 18. The area of the factory is 300 sq. ft. †¢ Salary to staff : the office staff has three employees. A peon, clerk and an Accountant and the salaries are Rs 800, Rs 2200 and Rs 4000 respectively. †¢ Office and general expenses: This comprise refreshments(tea and snacks). †¢ Telephone Expenses:- Calls made by the staff members. †¢ Electricity and lightings:- It consists of office lighting and air conditioning expenses. 3) Sales and distribution overheads:- Sales Commission : As a part of encouragement for sales people ,they are given commission of 2. 5 % of the total sales done by them. †¢ Discount allowed : To attract retailer to buy the product they are offered a discount of 5% on the selling price. †¢ Salary of salesmen : The company has 5 sales persons and they are paid a salary of Rs 3500 each per month. †¢ Carriage outward: To carry the finished goods to the whole sellers , the transportations charge per unit/product is set as Re 1. 24. Assumptions : †¢ The company produces only one product †¢ All raw materials consumed in production of ice cream †¢ The production and sales units are same. †¢ In Valuation of plant, the rate per square feet has been assumed at Rs. 00. †¢ We gave a discount to retailer on 450000 units on bulk purchase. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS: The amul ice-creams brand is one of the the top 3 brands . As it’s an Indian brand its popular as a family brand. Its available in all metropolitan cities and is in the reach of middleclass above middleclass . Its available in many flavours and most of these are Indian flavours –liked by Indians. They are available in various sizes. They are available in reasonable prices. They have launched brands such as sugar free probiotic ice-creams. There are many premium varieties. It’s got good food energy value i. e calories per 100ml-196. 7. WEAKNESS:The durability of amul ice-creams is not really good, it melts very soon. It does not have many outlet centers. Not a famous brand among youngsters who are the main customers of ice-cream. OPPORTUNITIES: They can come up with new flavours which would be able to attract the youth .They should not restrict themselves to departmental stores infact come with new luxury brands which can be available in hotels and they should come up with their own ice-cream parlours. They should focus more on their advertising and marketing strategies. They should use a strategy similar to what they used in case of butter (Utly butterly girl ). They should come up with offers for purchase of ice-cream in whole market .Offers should run all throughout the year; not only in winters. There should emphasis for special occasions. THREATS : The biggest threat for amul ice-cream industry would be its competitors. Its ranked 3rd in the Indian market . It faces tough competition from the unorganized sector as well. A slight change in the price of the ice-cream would shift its customers to another brand. Foreign players like Baskin- Robbins entering Indian market with new premium brands at feasible prices. [pic] Bibliography www. amulicecream. in www. google. co. in Annual report of Amul Cost accounting and financial management-Ravi kishore –edition 5 ———————– THREATS OPPORTUNITIES WEAKNESS STRENGTHS How to cite Cost Sheet, Papers

Opportunity Analysis for FORD

Question: Discuss abut the Report of Opportunity Analysis for FORD. Answer: Introduction in this assignment, a market plan for the company Ford has been developed. In this part of the assignment, various analyses have been done on the company Ford like macro environmental analysis (PESTL) and micro environmental analysis (company analysis, competitor analysis and SWOT analysis). Depending on the outcomes, the marketing objective of the company has been developed (SMART objective). Company Background . The Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational carmaker. The company headquarter is located in Dearborn, Michigan (Sha, Huang Gabardi, 2013). The key products of the company are such as Luxury Vehicles, automotive parts and Commercial Vehicles. Main service of the company are like Automotive finance, Vehicle leasing and vehicle service. The total revenue of the company is approximately US$ 149.5 billion until 2015 (Khanna Palepu, 2013). There are more than 199,000 employees are working in the company. . Henry Ford founded the company on November 2, 1901. At first the company was known by its owner name Henry Ford. In the year of 1902, it became Cadaillac Motor Company (Abdulsater et al., 2014). Between 1903 and 1908 the company had produced Model A, B, C, F, K, N, R and S. In the year of 1908 the company had produced one of its mass-produced car Model T. The model Ford Mustang was produced in the year of 1964 (Hawken et al., 2013). In the year of 1965 the company introduced seat belt and reminder light. Presently the company is one of the most renowned car manufacturers globally. Situation Analysis Market Analysis From a survey analysis, it has been found that there are more than 73 million vehicles during the year of 2015 (Propfe et al., 2013). China and United States are counted as the largest automobile markets globally. United States has become one of the key players of the automotive market when the company Ford introduced a mass-manufactured car Model-T (Hamel Breen, 2013). Currently the most popular car model is Ford Focus. It was recognized as the car of the year globally. The top 5 car models in term of revenue are Volkswagen, Toyota, Daimler, General Motors and Ford. From survey analysis, it has been found that international car sale per year is 72.37 million (Bohnsack, Pinkse Kolk, 2014). Macro Environment Analysis Political Analysis Technical innovation is highly supported by government (Opportunity). The company can use the governmental incentives to improve its activities like innovation, sustainability and development government friendly products. The company has the opportunity to expand its business operation depending on the trade agreements (Bergek et al., 2013). (Opportunity) In developing countries like U.S. and China, the governments have increased their effort to improve infrastructure (Opportunity). Economic Analysis The company has the opportunity to increase its market depending in U.S. It can utilize the slow but steady growth of the economic condition of the company (Chevalier Mayzlin, 2012). The company can use the high growth rate of other developing countries like China and expand its market. Strengthening of U.S. dollar is a major economic threat for the company. As Hawkins Gausen and Strmman (2012) stated that, most of the raw materials for the company Ford are produced in United states due to the government support. However that company needs to increase its business efficiency in order to maximize its business opportunity foreign market. Social Analysis As Hamel and Breen (2013) mentioned that, peoples are becoming more interested towards electric and hybrid cars. Ford can take this opportunity and attract new segments of customers. The company also has the opportunity to improve its customer service. However, the increase of wealth gap between people can act as both threat and opportunity for the company (De Mooij, 2013). The intensive growth strategy of the company needs to emphasize on product innovation so that it can satisfy all the preferences of customers. . Technological Analysis Increase of mobile computing is an external factor that can create opportunity for the company to increase its mobile marketing activity (Fleming, 2013). The company has the opportunity to improve its business performance with the help of online fulfillment services. For instance, the parts of Ford cars can be delivered to the customers with the help of these fulfillment services (Hamel Breen, 2013). However, Hardman Shiu and Steinberger-Wilckens (2015) stated that limited availability of alternative fuel stations is a major threat for the company Ford as the company is developing more hybrid cars and electric cars recently. Legal Analysis The company Ford can improve the sustainability by addressing the environmental protection regulation. As Hawkins Gausen and Strmman (2012) mentioned that, the company can enhance its product design in order to take the opportunity of the safety regulation. Increase of intellectual property laws can improve the macro environment for the company. Micro Environment Analysis Company Analysis Ford develops cars that are affordable and reliable (Chevalier Mayzlin, 2012). The company has strong internet presence. There are more than 199,000 people works in the company. They buy Ford cars.. The company has issues related with labor union. Work is dangerous, low-skilled, boring and created low morale (Sha, Huang Gabardi, 2013). In the company, women can get bonus only if they are single. Men can get bonus only if their wife do not work. The company Ford has strong brand recognition. It has the maximum profit per unit of car selling in U.S. market. However, the company is presently facing intense competition from companies such as like Honda, Toyota and Nissan. Competitor Analysis The four major competitors of the company are such as GM, Toyota, Chrysler and Honda. Point of Similarities (POS): Both the company GM and Ford were founded during the same period. Ford was founded on 1906, on the contrary GM was founded on 1908 (Fleming, 2013). Both the companies have strong history. Chrysler, Ford and GM have headquarters in Michigan, USA. All of these companies are mainly U.S. market centered. Point of Differences (POD): The major difference between the companies is related with core competencies. As Chevalier and Mayzlin (2012) stated that GM mainly focuses on innovation in technology and service. Toyota focuses on total quality management (TQM). On the contrary Ford focuses on innovation in safety, technology and design. Competitive market Summary Competitor Target Market Positioning Product line Price (USD) Promotional Distribution GM Young Adults Stylist and affordable Escalade, CTS-V, XTS crossover 13300- 17420 Magazines, TV, internet All USA Toyota Young Adults Sporty and High-tech Yaris Sedan 3 Door Hatch 5 door Hatch 12900 - 13700 Internet cable TV, Syndicate spot TV All USA Chrysler Young Adults High quality and fuel efficient 14100- 17400 All media All USA Honda Young Adults Urban Sporty Fit sport Fit sport w/Nav 14100- 19240 Network, internet, TV All USA Figure 1: Competitive market summary (Source: Chevalier and Mayzlin 2012) Consumer Analysis Mainly young peoples and ladies like to buy Ford cars (Fleming, 2013). Young people who belong to the age group of 20-25 years of age with average income can afford to purchase cars of Ford. They mainly like to buy some specific models of Ford such as Ford Fiesta and Ford Focus (Sha, Huang Gabardi, 2013). Some young males also like have a Ford Mustang in their garage. They mainly like to purchase car offline. These types of models are liked by most of the young age people as these cars have only 5 seats (Hamel Breen, 2013). These types of car are not for big size family. In addition, all these models are available at an affordable price. SWOT Analysis Strength Ford is the second largest industrial corporation in the world. The company has more than $144 billion revenue. The company has strong history (Fleming, 2013). Ford already has strong internet presence. Ford has most profit per vehicle compare to other car makers in U.S. Weakness Overcapacity is the major weakness of the company. As Hamel Breen (2013) stated that, the IT knowledge is low in the lower tier of the supply chain of Ford. Poor forecasting of demand Average delivery time is higher (45 to 65 days) Opportunities The company has 2000 restructuring plan. Ford has the opportunity to improve its global presence. The company can improve its internet presence. Ford should try to improve its retail network. As Chevalier and Mayzlin (2012) stated that, Ford dealers should stop competing with each other within a specific region. Threats Increase in competition with foreign car making companies like Honda, Toyota and Nissan (Sha, Huang Gabardi, 2013). As Fleming (2013) stated that, presently developing countries focus on manufacturing their own automobiles. Presently smaller companies with fewer assets have greater market capitalization than Ford. Figure 2: SWOT analysis of the company Ford (Source: Fleming, 2013) Objectives Marketing Objectives The major marketing objective of the company is to develop new products like (electric cars) that customers want and give value. Specific Due to environmental issues, peoples are becoming more inclined towards hybrid and electric car. Measurable Development of electric cars will increase the revenue flow for the company Ford. Attainable The company has access to all required resources for this project. Hence, this objective is attainable. Relevant With the increase of environmental issues development of electric and hybrid cars have become highly relevant. Timely The company will be able to develop electric cars within 1 year and launch it in the global market. Presently with the increase of environmental issues such as global worming preference of people about cars has changed. People start to like cars that cause less pollution such as electric cars and hybrid cars (Chevalier Mayzlin, 2012). Presently the company Ford is facing intense competition from companies like Toyota, GM and Honda. Hence, in order to attract more customers towards the company, Ford should try to increase product differentiation. The company must develop hybrid cars that will attract new segment of customers. Reference List Abdulsater, A., Balasubramanian, A., Wang, B., Madani, F., Mansour, M., Talla, R. (2014). Technology Road Map for Tesla Motors Sedan EV. Planning and Roadmapping Technological Innovations. Springer International Publishing. Bergek, A., Berggren, C., Magnusson, T., Hobday, M. (2013). Technological discontinuities and the challenge for incumbent firms: Destruction, disruption or creative accumulation?.Research Policy,42(6), pp.1210-1224. Bohnsack, R., Pinkse, J., Kolk, A. (2014). Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles.Research Policy,43(2), pp.284-300. Chevalier, J. A., Mayzlin, D. (2012). The effect of word of mouth on sales: Online book reviews.Journal of marketing research,43(3), pp.345-354. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Sage Publications. Fleming, B. (2013). Electric Vehicle Collaboration-Toyota Motor Corporation and Tesla Motors [Automotive Electronics].Vehicular Technology Magazine, IEEE,8(1), 4-9. Hamel, G., Breen, B. (2013).The future of management. Harvard Business Press. Hardman, S., Shiu, E., Steinberger-Wilckens, R. (2015). Changing the fate of Fuel Cell Vehicles: Can lessons be learnt from Tesla Motors?.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,40(4), 1625-1638. Hawken, P., Lovins, A. B., Lovins, L. H. (2013).Natural capitalism: The next industrial revolution. Routledge. Hawkins, T. R., Gausen, O. M., Strmman, A. H. (2012). Environmental impacts of hybrid and electric vehiclesa review.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,17(8), 997-1014. Khanna, T., Palepu, K. (2013).Winning in emerging markets: A road map for strategy and execution. Harvard Business Press. Propfe, B., Kreyenberg, D., Wind, J., Schmid, S. (2013). Market penetration analysis of electric vehicles in the German passenger car market towards 2030.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,38(13), pp.5201-5208. Sha, S., Huang, T., Gabardi, E. (2013). Upward mobility: The future of Chinas premium car market.McKinsey Automotive Assembly Practice. 4(4), pp.89-100.